Saturday, March 24, 2012

Today I didn't learn the difference between VACCINE and INNOCULATON

I've got a couple of blogs for Scrabble players, and I'm going through the Scrabble Dictionary and sharing definitions.

I'm working on the Vs right now, and it's starting out with a variety of Vs - VACCINE, VACCINAL, VACCINEE, etc.

Here's the Wikipedia history section of VACCINE

Prior to vaccination, inoculation was practised, and brought to the West in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who showed it to Hans Sloane, the King's physician.

Sometime during the 1770s Edward Jenner heard a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often-fatal or disfiguring disease smallpox, because she had already had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old boy with it, and six weeks later variolated the boy's arm with smallpox, afterwards observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. Further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840. Louis Pasteur generalized Jenner's idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine, and in the nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed.

The twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including malaria and HIV.

And here's what INOCULATION means:
Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease. It can also be used to refer to the communication of a disease to a living organism by transferring its causative agent into the organism, the implanting of microorganisms or infectious material into a culture medium such as a brewers vat or a petri dish, or the placement of microorganisms or viruses at a site where infection is possible. The verb to inoculate is from Middle English inoculaten, which meant "to graft a scion" (a scion is a plant part to be grafted onto another plant); which in turn is from Latin inoculare, past participle inoculat-.

This article covers variolation, inoculation as a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. See vaccination for post-variolation methods of safeguarding as if by inoculation by administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.

Today the terms inoculation, vaccination and immunization are used more or less interchangeably and popularly refer to the process of artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases. The microorganism used in an inoculation is called the inoculant or inoculum.

So I'm kind of confused. If inoculation and vaccination mean the same thing...why does the history section for VACCINATION say that the practice of INOCULATION existed before VACCINATION did?

Tuesday, March 20, 2012

Today I Learned That...Gorda Cay No Longer Exists

I'm reading the book called: Sunken Treasure: Six Who Found Fortunes, by Robert Burgess, copyright 1986. The book gives bios and history of 6 treasure hunters, starting with Arthur McKee, Jr. The section on McKee starts out by describing McKee walking along the ocean bottom near Gorda Cay, an island in the Bahamas, by a dead coral reef - dead because some fishermen from nearby islands had poured bleach into the reef holes to drive out the lobsters, making them easier to catch, and incidentally killing the coral, so that once those lobsters were gone...there would never be any more. I decided to look up Gorda Cay at Wikipedia, to find out if the reef had ever recovered...only to find that the island was now called Castaway Cay and belonged to Disney, who had purchased it from the Bahamian government. All of Disney's cruise ships stop there. But, apparently, people don't stay on the island. They just get off for a visit - and if some of the reviews at a cruise review website are to be believed, the staff on the island aren't very friendly, the food is poor, and since there can be a couple of cruise ships there at a time, apparently, the beaches are all crowded with 5,000 people and if you're not lucky you're stuck int he back away from the ocean, ya da ya da. If I ever win the lottery, though, I'd love to visit this place. Apparently two of the submarines from the 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea adventure ride - which used to be at Disneyworld years ago, are now located just off the beach and snorkelers and scuba divers can swim around them. That would be fun.